Well, true to form, if you can have an issue with Ubuntu, I’ll have it.
Upon upgrading to Ubuntu 6.10 and rebooting… no more X-server.
It’s similar to issues I’ve seen before — it looks like a problem with the nvidia module not being found. I had no time to look further into it, but I’m imagining that it won’t be too hard to fix; probably a conflict between a newer kernel and whatever version of nvidia drivers I’ve installed. :(

Did you apt-get dist-upgrade, or use the GUI upgrader?
weeeeeeeeeeeeeeell… I did the GUI updater; it was the first thing I saw, and I thought, hey, that looks easy.
The problems are all solved, now; I had to apt-get install linux-restricted-modules-2.6.17-10-386 in order for nvidia to work. Then I had to edit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom to start the Xgl server properly — so part of my problem might have been having unsupported software (Xgl) there.
I tried a bunch of other things, but as near as I can tell, those are the ones that actually fixed it. :-)